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during this period

  • 1 two-minute expulsion period

    ■ In futsal, sanction applied to a player who has been sent off for serious foul play or bad sportsmanship for two minutes, and who may not be substituted by a team-mate during this period.
    ■ Zeitstrafe im Futsal, die darin besteht, dass ein Spieler nach einem groben Foul oder einer anderen Unsportlichkeit das Spielfeld für zwei Spielminuten verlassen muss, ohne dass ein anderer Spieler ihn ersetzen darf.

    Englisch-deutsch wörterbuch fußball > two-minute expulsion period

  • 2 two-minute punishment period

    ■ In futsal, sanction applied to a player who has been sent off for serious foul play or bad sportsmanship for two minutes, and who may not be substituted by a team-mate during this period.
    ■ Zeitstrafe im Futsal, die darin besteht, dass ein Spieler nach einem groben Foul oder einer anderen Unsportlichkeit das Spielfeld für zwei Spielminuten verlassen muss, ohne dass ein anderer Spieler ihn ersetzen darf.

    Englisch-deutsch wörterbuch fußball > two-minute punishment period

  • 3 в тот период

    Новый русско-английский словарь > в тот период

  • 4 u to doba

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    • during this period

    Hrvatski-Engleski rječnik > u to doba

  • 5 u to vrijeme

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    Hrvatski-Engleski rječnik > u to vrijeme

  • 6 u tom razdoblju

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    • during this period

    Hrvatski-Engleski rječnik > u tom razdoblju

  • 7 в тот период

    Бизнес, юриспруденция. Русско-английский словарь > в тот период

  • 8 Historical Portugal

       Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.
       A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.
       Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140
       The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."
       In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.
       The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.
       Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385
       Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in
       Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.
       The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.
       Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580
       The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.
       The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.
       What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.
       By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.
       Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.
       The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.
       By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.
       In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.
       Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640
       Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.
       Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.
       On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.
       Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822
       Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.
       Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.
       In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the
       Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.
       Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.
       Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.
       Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910
       During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.
       Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.
       Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.
       Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.
       Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.
       As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.
       First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26
       Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.
       The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.
       Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.
       The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74
       During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."
       Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.
       For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),
       and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.
       The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.
       With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.
       During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.
       The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.
       At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.
       The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.
       Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76
       Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.
       Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.
       In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.
       In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.
       In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.
       The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until
       UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.
       Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000
       After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.
       From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.
       Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.
       Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.
       In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.
       In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.
       Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.
       Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.
       The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.
       Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.
       Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).
       All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.
       The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.
       After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.
       Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.
       Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.
       From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.
       Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.
       In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.
       An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal

  • 9 parar

    v.
    1 to stop.
    ¿paramos a o para comer algo? shall we stop and o to have something to eat?
    parar de hacer algo to stop doing something
    no para de molestarme he keeps annoying me
    ¡para ya! stop it!
    ¡para ya de hacer ruido! stop that noise!
    ¡no para quieto un momento! he won't stay still for a single moment!
    sin parar non-stop
    Ella paró el tren She stopped the train.
    Ella paró la pelea She stopped=suspended the fight.
    El tren paró de repente The train stopped suddenly.
    2 to stay.
    3 to end up.
    ¿en qué parará este lío? where will it all end?
    ir a parar a to end up in
    ¿dónde habrán ido a parar mis gafas? where can my glasses have got to?
    4 to go on strike. ( Latin American Spanish)
    5 to raise. ( Latin American Spanish)
    6 to put in a vertical position, to lift up, to put erect.
    Ella paró la escalera She put the ladder erect.
    * * *
    1 to stop
    2 DEPORTE to save, catch
    1 to stop
    ■ ¡para de gritar! stop shouting!
    2 (alojarse) to stay
    ■ ¿dónde estás parando? where are you staying?
    3 (hallarse) to be
    4 (llegar) to lead; (acabar) to end up
    1 to stop
    \
    no parar (quieto,-a) (ser activo, viajar) to be always be on the go 2 (ser inquieto) not to stop moving
    pararse a to stop to
    pararse en seco to stop dead
    sin parar nonstop
    ¿dónde vamos a parar? what's the world coming to?
    * * *
    verb
    2) halt
    * * *
    1. VT
    1) [+ persona, coche, respiración] to stop
    2) [+ tiro, penalti, gol] to save, stop; [+ pase] to intercept, cut off; [+ golpe] to ward off; (Esgrima) to parry
    3) [+ atención] to fix (en on)
    mientes
    4) (Naipes) to bet, stake
    5) † (=conducir) to lead
    6) † (=arreglar) to prepare, arrange
    7) LAm (=levantar) to raise; (=poner de pie) to stand upright
    8)

    pararla con algn — And * to take it out on sb

    2. VI
    1) (=detenerse, terminar) to stop

    ¡pare! — stop!

    • ¡no para! siempre está haciendo algo — he never stops! he's always doing something

    ¡y no para! — [hablante] he just goes on and on!

    no parará hasta conseguirlo — he won't stop o give up until he gets it

    • parar en seco — to stop dead

    • sin parar, los teléfonos sonaban sin parar — the phones never stopped ringing

    fumaba sin parar — she smoked non-stop, she chain-smoked

    ¡dónde va a parar! * —

    es mucho mejor este ¡dónde va a parar! — this one's much better, there's no comparison!

    2)

    • parar de hacer algo — to stop doing sth

    no para de quejarse — he never stops complaining, he complains all the time

    3)

    • ir a parar — to end up

    ¿dónde habrá ido a parar todo aquel dinero? — what can have become of o happened to all that money?

    ¿dónde vamos a ir a parar? — where's it all going to end?, what is the world coming to?

    4) (=hospedarse) to stay (en at)
    5) (=hacer huelga) to go on strike
    6)

    parar con algn — And * to hang about with sb

    7) [perro] to point
    3.
    See:
    * * *
    1.
    verbo intransitivo
    1) ( detenerse) to stop

    dónde vas a parar! — (Esp fam) there's no comparison!

    ir/venir a parar — to end up

    ¿a dónde habrá ido a parar aquella foto? — what can have happened to that photo?

    a dónde iremos a parar! — I don't know what the world's coming to

    2) ( cesar) to stop

    parar DE + INF — to stop -ing

    y para de contar — (fam) and that's it

    3) ( hospedarse) to stay; (en bar, club) (fam) to hang out (colloq)
    4) (AmL) obreros/empleados to go on strike
    2.
    parar vt
    1)
    a) <coche/tráfico/persona> to stop; <motor/máquina> to stop, switch off

    cuando se pone a hablar no hay quien lo pare — once he starts talking, there's no stopping him

    b) < hemorragia> to stanch (AmE), to staunch (BrE)
    c) <balón/tiro> to save, stop; < golpe> to block, ward off

    pararla(s) — (Chi, Per fam) to catch on (colloq)

    ¿no la(s) paras? — don't you get it? (colloq)

    2) (AmL)
    a) ( poner de pie) to stand
    b) ( poner vertical) <vaso/libro> to stand... up
    3.
    pararse v pron
    1) ( detenerse)
    a) persona to stop

    ¿te has parado alguna vez a pensar por qué? — have you ever stopped to think why?

    b) reloj/máquina to stop; coche/motor to stall
    2)
    a) (AmL) ( ponerse de pie) to stand up

    ¿te puedes parar de cabeza/de manos? — can you do headstands/handstands?

    b) (AmL) pelo ( hacia arriba) to stick up; ( en los lados) to stick out
    c) (Méx, Ven) ( levantarse de la cama) to get up
    3) (Chi) (Rels Labs) obreros/empleados to (go on) strike
    * * *
    = halt, stop, check, break off, shut down, pull up, go + cold turkey, leave off, give + it a rest, let + it drop, pull over, stop over.
    Ex. Consequently, a freeze-frame or still-picture effect can be achieved by simply halting the movement of the head across the disc.
    Ex. Program function key 1 (FP1) tells DOBIS/LIBIS to stop whatever it is doing and go back to the function selection screen.
    Ex. They concluded that 'our citizens may rationally prefer to check crime and disorder by ounces of educational prevention, than by pounds of cure in the shape of large 'lockups' and expensive suits before the law'.
    Ex. During this period the compositors worked non-stop, breaking off only to eat, for the almost incredible period of fifty hours: two days and two nights without rest 'in an atmosphere that would poison a vulture'.
    Ex. Cyberattacks involve routers acting at a predesignated time or trigger time and flooding various targeted Web sites with data -- effectively shutting down the Web site.
    Ex. Trucks started pulling up every hour, day and night, to the library's loading dock and depositing heaps of unordered and unwanted books.
    Ex. Judging by the critical responses to the article so far, it looks like the world isn't quite ready to go cold turkey on its religion addiction.
    Ex. This book takes up the thread where Volume One left off.
    Ex. Anyway after a few minutes of being told to give it a rest, she let it drop.
    Ex. Anyway after a few minutes of being told to give it a rest, she let it drop.
    Ex. Since cops were given the go-ahead to pull over people for not wearing seat belts, state troopers have become creative about spotting scofflaws.
    Ex. With luck the lapwings will now be able to stop over in Syria without coming to further harm.
    ----
    * decir rápidamente sin parar = rattle off.
    * hablar sin parar = burble on.
    * no parar mucho en un sitio = live out of + a suitcase.
    * on the go = on-the-go.
    * parar a un taxi = hail + a cab.
    * pararse = stall.
    * pararse a + Infinitivo = take + the time to + Infinitivo.
    * pararse a mitad de = stop in + midstream during.
    * pararse a pensar = pause + to think, step back, take + a step back.
    * pararse en el lado del camino = pull over.
    * pararse por completo = come to + a standstill, be at a standstill.
    * sin parar = steadily, non-stop, without a break, without (a) rest, without respite, without stopping.
    * sin parar a pensárselo = off-hand [offhand].
    * sin pararse a pensar = off-the-cuff, off the top of + Posesivo + head.
    * trabajar sin parar = work (a)round + the clock.
    * * *
    1.
    verbo intransitivo
    1) ( detenerse) to stop

    dónde vas a parar! — (Esp fam) there's no comparison!

    ir/venir a parar — to end up

    ¿a dónde habrá ido a parar aquella foto? — what can have happened to that photo?

    a dónde iremos a parar! — I don't know what the world's coming to

    2) ( cesar) to stop

    parar DE + INF — to stop -ing

    y para de contar — (fam) and that's it

    3) ( hospedarse) to stay; (en bar, club) (fam) to hang out (colloq)
    4) (AmL) obreros/empleados to go on strike
    2.
    parar vt
    1)
    a) <coche/tráfico/persona> to stop; <motor/máquina> to stop, switch off

    cuando se pone a hablar no hay quien lo pare — once he starts talking, there's no stopping him

    b) < hemorragia> to stanch (AmE), to staunch (BrE)
    c) <balón/tiro> to save, stop; < golpe> to block, ward off

    pararla(s) — (Chi, Per fam) to catch on (colloq)

    ¿no la(s) paras? — don't you get it? (colloq)

    2) (AmL)
    a) ( poner de pie) to stand
    b) ( poner vertical) <vaso/libro> to stand... up
    3.
    pararse v pron
    1) ( detenerse)
    a) persona to stop

    ¿te has parado alguna vez a pensar por qué? — have you ever stopped to think why?

    b) reloj/máquina to stop; coche/motor to stall
    2)
    a) (AmL) ( ponerse de pie) to stand up

    ¿te puedes parar de cabeza/de manos? — can you do headstands/handstands?

    b) (AmL) pelo ( hacia arriba) to stick up; ( en los lados) to stick out
    c) (Méx, Ven) ( levantarse de la cama) to get up
    3) (Chi) (Rels Labs) obreros/empleados to (go on) strike
    * * *
    = halt, stop, check, break off, shut down, pull up, go + cold turkey, leave off, give + it a rest, let + it drop, pull over, stop over.

    Ex: Consequently, a freeze-frame or still-picture effect can be achieved by simply halting the movement of the head across the disc.

    Ex: Program function key 1 (FP1) tells DOBIS/LIBIS to stop whatever it is doing and go back to the function selection screen.
    Ex: They concluded that 'our citizens may rationally prefer to check crime and disorder by ounces of educational prevention, than by pounds of cure in the shape of large 'lockups' and expensive suits before the law'.
    Ex: During this period the compositors worked non-stop, breaking off only to eat, for the almost incredible period of fifty hours: two days and two nights without rest 'in an atmosphere that would poison a vulture'.
    Ex: Cyberattacks involve routers acting at a predesignated time or trigger time and flooding various targeted Web sites with data -- effectively shutting down the Web site.
    Ex: Trucks started pulling up every hour, day and night, to the library's loading dock and depositing heaps of unordered and unwanted books.
    Ex: Judging by the critical responses to the article so far, it looks like the world isn't quite ready to go cold turkey on its religion addiction.
    Ex: This book takes up the thread where Volume One left off.
    Ex: Anyway after a few minutes of being told to give it a rest, she let it drop.
    Ex: Anyway after a few minutes of being told to give it a rest, she let it drop.
    Ex: Since cops were given the go-ahead to pull over people for not wearing seat belts, state troopers have become creative about spotting scofflaws.
    Ex: With luck the lapwings will now be able to stop over in Syria without coming to further harm.
    * decir rápidamente sin parar = rattle off.
    * hablar sin parar = burble on.
    * no parar mucho en un sitio = live out of + a suitcase.
    * on the go = on-the-go.
    * parar a un taxi = hail + a cab.
    * pararse = stall.
    * pararse a + Infinitivo = take + the time to + Infinitivo.
    * pararse a mitad de = stop in + midstream during.
    * pararse a pensar = pause + to think, step back, take + a step back.
    * pararse en el lado del camino = pull over.
    * pararse por completo = come to + a standstill, be at a standstill.
    * sin parar = steadily, non-stop, without a break, without (a) rest, without respite, without stopping.
    * sin parar a pensárselo = off-hand [offhand].
    * sin pararse a pensar = off-the-cuff, off the top of + Posesivo + head.
    * trabajar sin parar = work (a)round + the clock.

    * * *
    parar [A1 ]
    vi
    A (detenerse) to stop
    ¿el 65 para aquí? does the 65 stop here?
    paró en seco she stopped dead
    el autobús iba muy lleno y no nos paró the bus was very full and didn't stop for us
    ¡dónde vas a parar! ( fam); there's no comparison!
    ir a parar to end up
    si sigue así irá a parar a la cárcel if he goes on like this he'll end up in prison
    ¿a dónde habrá ido a parar aquella foto? what can have happened to that photograph? o where's that photograph got to?
    el documento fue a parar a manos de la policía the document found its way into o ended up in the hands of the police
    ¡a dónde vamos a ir a parar! I don't know what the world's coming to
    venir a parar to end up
    no sé cómo ha podido venir a parar aquí I don't know how it got in here o how it ended up in here
    B (cesar) to stop
    para un momento, que no te entiendo hang on a minute, I don't quite follow you
    el ruido no paró en toda la noche the noise didn't let up o stop all night
    no parará hasta lograr su meta she won't give up o stop until she's achieved her goal
    ha estado llorando toda la noche sin parar he hasn't stopped crying all night
    parar DE + INF to stop -ING
    aún no ha parado de llover it still hasn't stopped raining
    no para de comer she does nothing but eat, she never stops eating
    no para de criticar a los demás he's always criticizing others
    no parar ( fam): no para quieto ni un momento he can't keep still for a minute
    no he parado en toda la mañana I've been on the go all morning ( colloq)
    no pararás hasta que rompas algún cristal you won't be happy until you've broken a window
    no para en casa ni un momento she's never at home, she never spends any time at home
    y para de contar ( fam); and that's it, and that's the lot ( BrE)
    C
    1 (hospedarse) to stay
    siempre paramos en el mismo hotel we always stay at the same hotel
    2 ( fam) (en un bar, club) to hang out ( colloq)
    D ( AmL) «obreros/empleados» to go on strike
    los obreros de la construcción pararán el jueves construction workers are going on strike o are striking on Thursday
    pararon a mediodía they went on strike o ( BrE) they downed tools at noon
    ■ parar
    vt
    1 ‹coche› to stop; ‹motor/máquina› to stop, switch off
    paró el tráfico para que pasara la ambulancia he stopped the traffic to let the ambulance past
    2 ‹persona› to stop
    me paró para preguntarme la hora he stopped me to ask me the time
    cuando se pone a hablar no hay quien lo pare once he starts talking, there's no stopping him
    3 ‹hemorragia› to stanch ( AmE), to staunch ( BrE)
    4 ‹balón/tiro› to save, stop, block; ‹golpe› to block, ward off, parry
    pararla(s) (Chi, Per fam); to catch on ( colloq)
    de inmediato la(s) paró que querían robarle he caught on o twigged right away that they were out to rob him ( colloq)
    ¿no la(s) paras? don't you get it? ( colloq)
    B ( AmL)
    1 (poner de pie) to stand
    páralo en la silla para que vea mejor stand him on the chair so he can see better
    2 (poner vertical) ‹vaso/libro› to stand … up
    el perro paró las orejas the dog pricked up its ears
    1 «persona» to stop
    se paró a hablar con una vecina she stopped to talk to a neighbor
    ¿te has parado alguna vez a pensar por qué? have you ever stopped to think why?
    2 «reloj/máquina» to stop
    se me ha parado el reloj my watch has stopped
    el coche se nos paró en la cuesta the car stalled o the engine stopped as we were going up the hill
    B ( AmL)
    1 (ponerse de pie) to stand up
    párate derecho stand up straight
    se paró en una silla she stood on a chair
    los niños se pararon para saludar a la directora the children stood up to welcome the principal
    ¿te puedes parar de cabeza/de manos? can you do headstands/handstands?
    se paró de un salto y siguió corriendo she jumped up o jumped back onto her feet and carried on running
    pararse para toda la vida ( RPl fam); to be set up for life ( colloq)
    2
    ( AmL) «pelo»: se le paró el pelo del susto he was so scared it made his hair stand on end
    este mechón se me para this tuft of hair won't stay down o keeps sticking up
    3 (Méx, Ven) (levantarse de la cama) to get up
    C ( Chi) ( Rels Labs) «obreros/empleados» to strike, go on strike
    * * *

     

    parar ( conjugate parar) verbo intransitivo
    1 ( detenerse) to stop;

    ir/venir a parar to end up;
    fue a parar a la cárcel he ended up in prison;
    ¿a dónde habrá ido a parar aquella foto? what can have happened to that photo?;
    ¡a dónde iremos a parar! I don't know what the world's coming to
    2 ( cesar) to stop;

    ha estado lloviendo sin parar it hasn't stopped raining;
    no para quieto ni un momento he can't keep still for a minute;
    no para en casa she's never at home;
    parar DE + INF to stop -ing;
    paró de llover it stopped raining
    3 (AmL) [obreros/empleados] to go on strike
    verbo transitivo
    1
    a) ‹coche/tráfico/persona› to stop;

    ‹motor/máquina› to stop, switch off
    b) ‹ hemorragia› to stanch (AmE), to staunch (BrE)

    c) ‹balón/tiro› to save, stop;

    ‹ golpe› to block, ward off
    2 (AmL)

    b) ( poner vertical) ‹vaso/libro› to stand … up;


    pararse verbo pronominal
    1 ( detenerse)

    b) [reloj/máquina] to stop;

    [coche/motor] to stall;

    2


    se paró en una silla she stood on a chair;
    ¿te puedes parar de cabeza/de manos? can you do headstands/handstands?
    b) (AmL) [ pelo] ( hacia arriba) to stick up;

    ( en los lados) to stick out

    parar
    I verbo intransitivo
    1 to stop: para de saltar, stop jumping
    para un momento en la farmacia, stop a minute at the chemist's
    no pares de hablar, por favor, keep talking, please
    2 (alojarse) to stay
    3 (finalizar, terminar) el cuadro fue a parar al rastro, the painting ended up in the flea market
    II verbo transitivo
    1 to stop
    2 Dep to save
    3 LAm to stand up
    ♦ Locuciones: dónde va a parar, by far: mi hija es muchísmo más inteligente que la suya, dónde va a parar, my daughter is far more intelligent than theirs
    ' parar' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    atajar
    - caer
    - callar
    - casa
    - cesar
    - cuestión
    - dejarse
    - erradicación
    - ir
    - tirón
    - tren
    - contener
    - detener
    - parado
    - seco
    English:
    away
    - break
    - call
    - call at
    - catch
    - come to
    - directly
    - draw
    - end up
    - field
    - go
    - go on
    - halt
    - harp on
    - jaw
    - jerk
    - land up
    - nonstop
    - pull
    - pull in
    - pull over
    - pull up
    - save
    - screech
    - short
    - stop
    - straight
    - talk away
    - talk on
    - way
    - cock
    - dead
    - flag
    - knock
    - land
    - next
    - parry
    - prick
    - quit
    - rattle
    - stall
    - stand
    - steadily
    - stretch
    - through
    - up
    - world
    * * *
    ♦ vi
    1. [detenerse, interrumpirse] to stop;
    este tren para en todas las estaciones this train stops at all stations;
    ¿paramos a o [m5] para comer algo? shall we stop and o to have something to eat?;
    párenos aquí [al taxista, conductor] drop us off here;
    no abra la lavadora hasta que (no) pare por completo do not open the washing machine until it has come to a complete stop;
    los obreros pararon diez minutos en señal de protesta the workers stopped work for ten minutes as a protest;
    ¡no para callado/quieto un momento! he won't be quiet/stay still for a single moment!;
    parar de hacer algo to stop doing sth;
    no ha parado de llover desde que llegamos it hasn't stopped raining since we arrived;
    no para de molestarme she keeps annoying me;
    no para de llamarme por teléfono he keeps ringing me up, he's always ringing me up;
    no parará hasta conseguirlo she won't stop until she gets it;
    Fam
    no para [está siempre liado] he's always on the go;
    Fam
    hoy no he parado un momento I've been on the go all day;
    Fam
    ser un no parar [trabajo, vida] to be hectic;
    ¡para ya! stop it!;
    ¡para ya de hacer ruido! stop that noise!;
    un perro, dos gatos y para de contar a dog, two cats and that's it;
    parar en seco to stop dead;
    sin parar non-stop
    2. [alojarse] to stay;
    siempre paro en el mismo hotel I always stay at the same hotel;
    Fam
    solía parar en o [m5] por aquel bar I used to hang out at that bar;
    paro poco en o [m5] por casa I'm not at home much
    3. [acabar] to end up;
    ¿en qué parará este lío? where will it all end?;
    ir a parar a to end up in;
    todos fuimos a parar al mismo lugar we all ended up in the same place;
    ese camino va a parar a la carretera this path leads to the road;
    ¿dónde habrán ido a parar mis llaves? where can my keys have got to?;
    ¡dónde iremos a parar! [¡es increíble!] whatever next!;
    Fam
    ¡dónde va a parar! [¡no compares!] there's no comparison!
    4. [recaer]
    parar en manos de alguien to come into sb's possession
    5. Am [ir a la huelga] to go on strike;
    los médicos paran mañana doctors are on strike tomorrow
    ♦ vt
    1. [detener, interrumpir] to stop;
    [asalto] to repel; [golpe] to parry; [penalti, tiro] to save; [balón] to stop;
    para el motor turn the engine off, stop the engine;
    nos paró la policía we were stopped by the police;
    parar (a) un taxi to hail o stop a taxi;
    cuando le da por hablar no hay quien la pare once she starts talking, there's no stopping her;
    Perú, RP Fam
    pararle el carro a alguien to put sb in his/her place;
    Méx Fam
    pararle el gallo o [m5] macho a alguien to put sb in his/her place
    2. Am [poner de pie] to stand;
    pará a la nena, así la peino stand the baby up so I can comb her hair
    3. Am [levantar] to raise;
    paré el espejo para verme mejor I lifted the mirror up so I could see myself better
    * * *
    I v/t
    1 ( detener) stop
    2 L.Am. ( poner de pie) stand up
    II v/i
    1 stop;
    parar de llover stop raining;
    ha estado lloviendo tres horas sin parar it’s been raining for three hours non-stop
    2 en alojamiento stay;
    no sé dónde para I don’t know where he’s staying
    3
    :
    ir a parar end up;
    ¿cómo va a parar todo eso? where is this all going to end?;
    ¿dónde quieres ir a parar? what are you getting at?
    * * *
    parar vt
    1) detener: to stop
    2) : to stand, to prop
    parar vi
    1) cesar: to stop
    2) : to stay, to put up
    3)
    ir a parar : to end up, to wind up
    * * *
    parar vb
    1. (en general) to stop [pt. & pp. stopped]
    ¡para ya de hablar! stop talking!
    2. (gol, penalti) to save
    3. (estar) to be
    ¿sabes dónde paran mis llaves? do you know where my keys are?

    Spanish-English dictionary > parar

  • 10 Art

       Portugal did not produce an artist of sufficient ability to gain recognition outside the country until the 19th century. Domingos Antônio Segueira (1768-1837) became well known in Europe for his allegorical religious and historical paintings in a neoclassical style. Portuguese painting during the 19th century emphasized naturalism and did not keep abreast of artistic innovations being made in other European countries. Portugal's best painters lived abroad especially in France. The most successful was Amadeo Souza- Cardoso who, while living in Paris, worked with the modernists Modigliani, Georges Braque, and Juan Gris. Souza-Cardoso introduced modernism into Portuguese painting in the early 20th century. A sustained modernist movement did not develop in Portugal, however. Naturalism remained the dominant school, and Portugal remained isolated from international artistic trends, owing to Portugal's conservative artistic climate, which prevented new forms of art from taking root, and the lack of support from an artistically sophisticated, art-buying elite supported by a system of galleries and foundations.
       Interestingly, it was during the conservative Estado Novo that modernism began to take root in Portugal. As Prime Minister Antônio de Oliveira Salazar's secretary for national propaganda, Antônio Ferro, a writer, journalist, and cultural leader who admired Mussolini, encouraged the government to allow modern artists to create the heroic imagery of the Estado Novo following the Italian model that linked fascism with futurism. The most important Portuguese artist of this period was Almada Negreiros, who did the murals on the walls of the legendary café A Brasileira in the Chiado district of Lisbon, the paintings at the Exposition of the Portuguese World (1940), and murals at the Lisbon docks. Other artists of note during this period included Mário Eloy (1900-51), who was trained in Germany and influenced by George Grosz and Otto Dix; Domingos Alvarez (1906-42); and Antônio Pedro (1909-66).
       During the 1950s, the Estado Novo ceased to encourage artists to collaborate, as Portuguese artists became more critical of the regime. The return to Portugal of Antônio Pedro in 1947 led to the emergence of a school of geometric abstract painting in Oporto and the reawakening of surrealism. The art deco styles of the 1930s gave way to surrealism and abstract expression.
       In the 1960s, links between Portugal's artistic community and the international art world strengthened. Conscription for the wars against the nationalist insurgencies in Angola, Mozambique, and Guinea- Bissau (1961-75) resulted in a massive exodus of Portugal's avante-garde artists to Europe to avoid military service. While abroad, artists such as Joaquin Rodrigo (1912-93), Paula Rego (1935-), João Cutileiro (1947-), and others forged links with British, French, Italian, and Spanish artistic communities.
       The Revolution of 25 April 1974 created a crisis for Portugal's artists. The market for works of art collapsed as left-wing governments, claiming that they had more important things to do (eliminate poverty, improve education), withdrew support for the arts. Artists declared their talents to be at the "service of the people," and a brief period of socialist realism prevailed. With the return of political stability and moderate governments during the 1980s, Portugal's commercial art scene revived, and a new period of creativity began. Disenchantment with the socialist realism (utopianism) of the Revolution and a deepening of individualism began to be expressed by Portuguese artists. Investment in the arts became a means of demonstrating one's wealth and social status, and an unprecedented number of art galleries opened, art auctions were held, and a new generation of artists became internationally recognized. In 1984, a museum of modern art was built by the Gulbenkian Foundation adjacent to its offices on the Avenida de Berna in Lisbon. A national museum of modern art was finally built in Oporto in 1988.
       In the 1980s, Portugal's new generation of painters blended post-conceptualism and subjectivism, as well as a tendency toward decon-structionism/reconstructionism, in their work. Artists such as Cabrita Reis (1956-), Pedro Calapez (1953-), José Pedro Croft (1957-), Rui Sanches (1955-), and José de Guimarães (1949-) gained international recognition during this period. Guimarães crosses African art themes with Western art; Sarmento invokes images of film, culture, photography, American erotica, and pulp fiction toward sex, violence, and pleasure; Reis evolved from a painter to a maker of installation artist using chipboard, plaster, cloth, glass, and electrical and plumbing materials.
       From the end of the 20th century and during the early years of the 21st century, Portugal's art scene has been in a state of crisis brought on by a declining art trade and a withdrawal of financial support by conservative governments. Although not as serious as the collapse of the 1970s, the current situation has divided the Portuguese artistic community between those, such as Cerveira Pito and Leonel Moura, who advocate a return to using primitive, strongly textured techniques and others such as João Paulo Feliciano (1963-), who paint constructivist works that poke fun at the relationship between art, money, society, and the creative process. Thus, at the beginning of the 21st century, the factors that have prevented Portuguese art from achieving and sustaining international recognition (the absence of a strong art market, depending too much on official state support, and the individualistic nature of Portuguese art production) are still to be overcome.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Art

  • 11 dominio

    m.
    1 control.
    2 authority, power.
    3 domain (territorio).
    4 mastery (conocimiento) (de arte, técnica).
    5 domain (computing).
    * * *
    1 (soberanía) dominion
    2 (poder) power, control
    3 (supremacía) supremacy
    4 (de conocimientos) mastery, good knowledge; (de un idioma) good command
    5 (territorio) domain
    \
    dominio de sí mismo self-control
    ejercer dominio to exert control
    ser del dominio público to be public knowledge
    * * *
    noun m.
    2) dominance, domination
    * * *
    SM
    1) (=control) control

    dominio de sí mismo, dominio sobre sí mismo — self-control

    2) (=conocimiento) command

    es impresionante su dominio del inglés — his command of o fluency in English is impressive

    ¡qué dominio tiene! — isn't he good at it?

    3) (=autoridad) authority ( sobre over)
    4) (=territorio) dominion
    5) (Educ) field, domain
    6) (Inform) domain
    * * *
    1)
    a) ( control) control
    b) (de idioma, tema) command

    se requiere perfecto dominio del inglés — fluent English o perfect command of English required

    c) (ámbito de ciencia, arte) sphere
    2)
    a) (Hist, Pol) dominion
    b) dominios masculino plural ( colonias) dominions (pl)
    * * *
    = area, dominance, realm, command, mastery, domain, domination, dominion, grip, pervasiveness, primacy, preserve, rule, sway.
    Ex. The area in which standards for bibliographic description have had the most impact is in catalogues and catalogue record data bases.
    Ex. The arrangements should also negotiate resistance to perceived 'American dominance', erode price differentials between Europe and the US, and permit each country to support its own online services.
    Ex. Nevertheless, this situation does not appropriately demonstrate what is normally conceived to be the realm of indexing systems.
    Ex. Businesses are using all of the new communicating technological developments to increase their command over the information they need.
    Ex. The library has proven to be an imperfect panacea, and the librarian has suffered a definite loss of mastery.
    Ex. The CRONOS data bank includes a FISH domain, with data on catches and fleet statistics, and the COMEXT data bank covers the external trade statistics of fisheries.
    Ex. He cautions, however, that this approach can also mean domination of one person by another.
    Ex. The author reviews the sources of information relating to the emigration of Indians to the various British dominions, colonies and other countries for the period 1830-1950.
    Ex. It is therefore often hard to escape the grip of the official phraseology for fear that, in doing so, the meaning of the material will be altered or lost.
    Ex. New technologies are leading to a gradual recognition of the importance of information and of its pervasiveness throughout society and the economy.
    Ex. The article is entitled 'The classification of literature in the Dewey Decimal Classification: the primacy of language and the taint of colonialism' = El artículo se titula "La clasificación de la literatura en la Clasificación Decimal de Dewey: la primacía del lenguaje y el daño del colonialismo".
    Ex. This article discusses the role of the librarian, who may view on-line as either status-enhancing or their own preserve.
    Ex. The British in Malaya used education as a divisive factor to prolong their rule, while the Americans in the Philippines adopted a 'Philippines for the Filipinos' policy = Los británicos en Malaya usaron la educación como un factor divisorio para prolongar su dominio, mientras los americanos en las Filipinas adoptaron una política de "Las Filipinas para los filipinos".
    Ex. During this period Africa was influenced by external forces as the Islamic states of the north extended their sway south.
    ----
    * afianzar el dominio sobre = tighten + Posesivo + grip on.
    * análisis de dominios del conocimiento = domain analysis.
    * base de datos de dominio público = public domain database.
    * de dominio público = publicly owned [publicly-owned].
    * dominio completo = stranglehold.
    * dominio de las personas con más edad = senior power.
    * dominio del conocimiento = knowledge domain.
    * dominio de una lengua extranjera = language proficiency.
    * dominio perfecto = a fine art.
    * dominio público = public domain.
    * dominio total = stranglehold.
    * entrar dentro del dominio de = fall under + the umbrella of.
    * nivel de dominio medio = working knowledge.
    * nombre de dominio = domain name.
    * programa de dominio público = public domain software.
    * ser de dominio público = be public domain.
    * ser el dominio de = be the domain of.
    * * *
    1)
    a) ( control) control
    b) (de idioma, tema) command

    se requiere perfecto dominio del inglés — fluent English o perfect command of English required

    c) (ámbito de ciencia, arte) sphere
    2)
    a) (Hist, Pol) dominion
    b) dominios masculino plural ( colonias) dominions (pl)
    * * *
    = area, dominance, realm, command, mastery, domain, domination, dominion, grip, pervasiveness, primacy, preserve, rule, sway.

    Ex: The area in which standards for bibliographic description have had the most impact is in catalogues and catalogue record data bases.

    Ex: The arrangements should also negotiate resistance to perceived 'American dominance', erode price differentials between Europe and the US, and permit each country to support its own online services.
    Ex: Nevertheless, this situation does not appropriately demonstrate what is normally conceived to be the realm of indexing systems.
    Ex: Businesses are using all of the new communicating technological developments to increase their command over the information they need.
    Ex: The library has proven to be an imperfect panacea, and the librarian has suffered a definite loss of mastery.
    Ex: The CRONOS data bank includes a FISH domain, with data on catches and fleet statistics, and the COMEXT data bank covers the external trade statistics of fisheries.
    Ex: He cautions, however, that this approach can also mean domination of one person by another.
    Ex: The author reviews the sources of information relating to the emigration of Indians to the various British dominions, colonies and other countries for the period 1830-1950.
    Ex: It is therefore often hard to escape the grip of the official phraseology for fear that, in doing so, the meaning of the material will be altered or lost.
    Ex: New technologies are leading to a gradual recognition of the importance of information and of its pervasiveness throughout society and the economy.
    Ex: The article is entitled 'The classification of literature in the Dewey Decimal Classification: the primacy of language and the taint of colonialism' = El artículo se titula "La clasificación de la literatura en la Clasificación Decimal de Dewey: la primacía del lenguaje y el daño del colonialismo".
    Ex: This article discusses the role of the librarian, who may view on-line as either status-enhancing or their own preserve.
    Ex: The British in Malaya used education as a divisive factor to prolong their rule, while the Americans in the Philippines adopted a 'Philippines for the Filipinos' policy = Los británicos en Malaya usaron la educación como un factor divisorio para prolongar su dominio, mientras los americanos en las Filipinas adoptaron una política de "Las Filipinas para los filipinos".
    Ex: During this period Africa was influenced by external forces as the Islamic states of the north extended their sway south.
    * afianzar el dominio sobre = tighten + Posesivo + grip on.
    * análisis de dominios del conocimiento = domain analysis.
    * base de datos de dominio público = public domain database.
    * de dominio público = publicly owned [publicly-owned].
    * dominio completo = stranglehold.
    * dominio de las personas con más edad = senior power.
    * dominio del conocimiento = knowledge domain.
    * dominio de una lengua extranjera = language proficiency.
    * dominio perfecto = a fine art.
    * dominio público = public domain.
    * dominio total = stranglehold.
    * entrar dentro del dominio de = fall under + the umbrella of.
    * nivel de dominio medio = working knowledge.
    * nombre de dominio = domain name.
    * programa de dominio público = public domain software.
    * ser de dominio público = be public domain.
    * ser el dominio de = be the domain of.

    * * *
    A
    1 (control) control
    bajo el dominio árabe under Arab control o rule
    en ningún momento perdió el dominio de sí mismo at no time did he lose his self-control
    en pleno dominio de sus facultades in full command of her faculties
    para ampliar su dominio to extend their control o dominance
    el dominio de su país sobre los mares their country's naval supremacy
    2 (de un idioma, un tema) command
    su dominio de estas técnicas her command o mastery of these techniques
    se requiere perfecto dominio del inglés fluent English o perfect command of English required
    el escritor tiene un gran dominio del lenguaje the author has an excellent command of the language
    ser del dominio público to be public knowledge
    3
    (ámbito, campo): el dominio de las letras the field o sphere of letters
    entra en el dominio de la fantasía it moves into the realms of fantasy
    B
    1 ( Hist, Pol) dominion
    2 dominios mpl (colonias) dominions (pl)
    C ( Inf) domain
    nombre de dominio domain name
    * * *

     

    dominio sustantivo masculino
    1


    b) (de idioma, tema) command;


    2
    a) (Hist, Pol) dominion

    b)

    ◊ dominios sustantivo masculino plural ( colonias) dominions (pl)

    3 (Inf) domain
    dominio sustantivo masculino
    1 (poder) control: tiene mucho dominio de sí mismo, he's very self-controlled
    2 (conocimiento profundo) command, grasp
    3 (ámbito, campo) scope, sphere
    4 (territorio) lands
    (colonias) colonies
    ♦ Locuciones: ser de dominio público, to be public knowledge
    ' dominio' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    absoluta
    - absoluto
    - contención
    - control
    - lastre
    - pública
    - público
    - señorío
    - garra
    English:
    astonishing
    - command
    - domain
    - dominion
    - excellent
    - mastery
    - out
    - preserve
    - realm
    - rule
    - self-command
    - self-composure
    - self-control
    - self-restraint
    - stranglehold
    - sway
    - control
    - dominance
    - hold
    - public
    - self
    - strangle
    * * *
    1. [dominación] control ( sobre over);
    la guerrilla tiene el dominio sobre esta zona this area is under guerrilla control;
    territorios bajo dominio romano territory under Roman rule;
    tenía al partido bajo su absoluto dominio he had the party under his absolute control;
    el dominio del partido correspondió al equipo visitante the visiting team had the best of the match;
    en ningún momento perdió el dominio de la situación at no time did he lose control of the situation;
    trata de mantener el dominio de ti mismo try to keep control of yourself
    2. [territorio] domain;
    un antiguo dominio portugués a former Portuguese territory o colony;
    la caza estaba prohibida en sus dominios hunting was forbidden on his land o domain
    3. [ámbito] realm, field;
    temas que pertenecen al dominio de la cibernética topics relating to the field of cybernetics;
    entramos en los dominios de la ciencia ficción we are entering the realms of science fiction
    4. [conocimiento] [de arte, técnica] mastery;
    [de idiomas] command;
    su dominio del tema his mastery of the subject;
    tiene un buen dominio del pincel she has a good command of the brush;
    para el puesto requerimos dominio de al menos dos lenguas the post requires mastery of at least two languages;
    tiene un gran dominio del balón he has great ball control;
    ser de dominio público to be public knowledge;
    era de dominio público que vivían separados it was common o public knowledge that they were living apart
    5. Informát domain
    dominio público public domain
    6. Der [propiedad] ownership, domain
    * * *
    m
    1 control;
    dominio de sí mismo self-control
    2 fig: de idioma command
    3 INFOR domain
    4
    :
    ser del dominio público be in the public domain
    * * *
    1) : dominion, power
    2) : mastery
    3) : domain, field
    * * *
    1. (control, poder) control / rule
    2. (conocimiento) command

    Spanish-English dictionary > dominio

  • 12 de un tirón

    familiar in one go
    * * *
    = with a jolt, at one pull, at one whack, in one shot, non-stop, in one lump, in one action, in one go, in one fell swoop, at one fell swoop, without stopping
    Ex. A printer would use incompressible packing in the head mortises to intensify the effect of the pressman's pull by bringing it up with a jolt.
    Ex. In this way the whole forme was printed at one pull.
    Ex. I am involved with systematic reviews which routinely result in 4,000+ citations at one whack.
    Ex. Then in one second ten programs could work consecutively, and it will look like the computer is doing all ten in one shot.
    Ex. During this period the compositors worked non-stop, breaking off only to eat, for the almost incredible period of fifty hours: two days and two nights without rest 'in an atmosphere that would poison a vulture'.
    Ex. LCSH revision is continuous, and may be quite large scale, though this is less obvious because it does not take place in one lump every few years.
    Ex. To remove the borrower from all routing lists in one action, enter the code for delete.
    Ex. He jumped in with both feet, opening five stores in one go and declaring his intention to open 30 more within five years.
    Ex. He fired them all, in one fell swoop when he took office as do most all Presidents.
    Ex. Life on board ship is not easy for anyone, least of all for a small child, who is deprived of nursery and toys at one fell swoop.
    Ex. Anyway, I want to try to run at least 3 miles without stopping and running out of breath.
    * * *
    = with a jolt, at one pull, at one whack, in one shot, non-stop, in one lump, in one action, in one go, in one fell swoop, at one fell swoop, without stopping

    Ex: A printer would use incompressible packing in the head mortises to intensify the effect of the pressman's pull by bringing it up with a jolt.

    Ex: In this way the whole forme was printed at one pull.
    Ex: I am involved with systematic reviews which routinely result in 4,000+ citations at one whack.
    Ex: Then in one second ten programs could work consecutively, and it will look like the computer is doing all ten in one shot.
    Ex: During this period the compositors worked non-stop, breaking off only to eat, for the almost incredible period of fifty hours: two days and two nights without rest 'in an atmosphere that would poison a vulture'.
    Ex: LCSH revision is continuous, and may be quite large scale, though this is less obvious because it does not take place in one lump every few years.
    Ex: To remove the borrower from all routing lists in one action, enter the code for delete.
    Ex: He jumped in with both feet, opening five stores in one go and declaring his intention to open 30 more within five years.
    Ex: He fired them all, in one fell swoop when he took office as do most all Presidents.
    Ex: Life on board ship is not easy for anyone, least of all for a small child, who is deprived of nursery and toys at one fell swoop.
    Ex: Anyway, I want to try to run at least 3 miles without stopping and running out of breath.

    Spanish-English dictionary > de un tirón

  • 13 sin parar

    adj.
    without stopping, nonstop.
    adv.
    over and over again, at all hours, on and on, endlessly.
    * * *
    nonstop
    * * *
    = steadily, non-stop, without a break, without (a) rest, on-the-go, interminably, without respite, without stopping
    Ex. Rather readers grow by fits and starts now rushing ahead, now lying fallow, and now moving steadily on.
    Ex. During this period the compositors worked non-stop, breaking off only to eat, for the almost incredible period of fifty hours: two days and two nights without rest 'in an atmosphere that would poison a vulture'.
    Ex. Microfilming of Australian records in the UK has continued without a break since 1948 and by 1990 and a total of 9267 reels has been produced.
    Ex. This sequence was repeated, without rest, for the duration of the technique.
    Ex. With technologies such as SMS, Podcasting, voice over IP (VoIP), and more becoming increasingly mainstream, the potential to provide instant, on-the-go reference is limitless.
    Ex. Also unfortunately common is the lonely soul who visits interminably with whomever is on the desk -- and occasionally with other readers.
    Ex. The ancient Egyptian mind was struck by the periodic regularity of certain phenomena: the sun that rises, shines, and disappears without respite every day.
    Ex. Anyway, I want to try to run at least 3 miles without stopping and running out of breath.
    * * *
    = steadily, non-stop, without a break, without (a) rest, on-the-go, interminably, without respite, without stopping

    Ex: Rather readers grow by fits and starts now rushing ahead, now lying fallow, and now moving steadily on.

    Ex: During this period the compositors worked non-stop, breaking off only to eat, for the almost incredible period of fifty hours: two days and two nights without rest 'in an atmosphere that would poison a vulture'.
    Ex: Microfilming of Australian records in the UK has continued without a break since 1948 and by 1990 and a total of 9267 reels has been produced.
    Ex: This sequence was repeated, without rest, for the duration of the technique.
    Ex: With technologies such as SMS, Podcasting, voice over IP (VoIP), and more becoming increasingly mainstream, the potential to provide instant, on-the-go reference is limitless.
    Ex: Also unfortunately common is the lonely soul who visits interminably with whomever is on the desk -- and occasionally with other readers.
    Ex: The ancient Egyptian mind was struck by the periodic regularity of certain phenomena: the sun that rises, shines, and disappears without respite every day.
    Ex: Anyway, I want to try to run at least 3 miles without stopping and running out of breath.

    Spanish-English dictionary > sin parar

  • 14 descansar

    v.
    1 to rest, to lie.
    descansó la cabeza en mi hombro he laid o rested his head on my shoulder
    dormir descansa la vista sleep gives your eyes o eyesight a rest
    descansó un rato antes de seguir he rested for a while before continuing
    después de tanto trabajo necesito descansar I need a rest after all that work
    ¿paramos a o para descansar? how about stopping for a rest?
    necesitas descansar de tantas preocupaciones you need a break from all these worries
    descansaremos en una hora we'll take a break in an hour
    llevo cuatro horas trabajando sin descansar I've been working for four hours non-stop o without a break
    3 to sleep.
    ¡que descanses! sleep well!
    que en paz descanse may he/she rest in peace
    * * *
    1 (gen) to rest, have a rest; (un momento) to take a break
    2 (dormir) to sleep
    ■ ¡que descanses! sleep well!
    3 (confiar) to rely (en, on)
    4 (apoyarse) to rest ( sobre, on), be supported ( sobre, by)
    5 (basarse) to be based (en, on)
    6 (estar enterrado) to lie, rest
    7 (un terreno) to lie fallow
    1 (aliviar) to rest
    2 MILITAR to order
    \
    descansar en paz to rest in peace
    ¡descansen armas! order arms!
    * * *
    verb
    * * *
    1. VI
    1) (=reposar) to rest, have a rest

    siéntate aquí y descansa — sit down here and have a rest, sit down here and rest

    paramos en un bar a o para descansar — we stopped at a bar for a rest o to have a rest

    2) (=dormir)

    a medianoche, se retiraron a descansar — at midnight they retired (to bed)

    ¡hasta mañana! ¡que descanses! — see you in the morning! sleep well!

    3)

    descansar sobre algo — [cúpula, tejado] to be supported by sth, rest on sth; [argumento, tesis] to be based on sth

    4) (=estar enterrado)

    tu tío, que en paz descanse — your uncle, may he rest in peace

    5) (Mil)

    ¡descansen! — at ease!, stand at ease!

    6) (Agr) [terreno, parcela] to rest, lie fallow
    2. VT
    1) (=apoyar) to rest
    2) (Mil)

    ¡descansen armas! — order arms!

    * * *
    1.
    verbo intransitivo
    1)
    a) (de actividad, trabajo) to rest, have a rest

    descansen! — (Mil) (stand) at ease!

    descansar de algo — to have a rest o break from something

    b) ( en la cama) to rest, have a rest

    buenas noches, que descanses — goodnight, sleep well

    c) ( yacer) to lie
    2) tierra to lie fallow
    3) ( apoyarse)

    descansar en or sobre algo — techo/bóveda to rest on o upon something; teoría to rest o hinge on something

    2.
    a)

    descansar la vista — to rest one's eyes, to give one's eyes a rest

    b) (Mil)
    * * *
    = break off, put + Posesivo + feet up, give + Reflexivo + a break, lie on + Posesivo + oars, rest on + Posesivo + oars.
    Ex. During this period the compositors worked non-stop, breaking off only to eat, for the almost incredible period of fifty hours: two days and two nights without rest 'in an atmosphere that would poison a vulture'.
    Ex. Don't you think, Juan, that when the reference librarian or somebody from the circulation desk comes down to the staff room after a tough morning, they should be able to put their feet up and enjoy a smoke?.
    Ex. The article is entitled ' Give yourself a break; don't give the hacker one. Security breaches'.
    Ex. But that is no reason for lying on our oars and refusing to see that our service is full of absurdities and mistakes.
    Ex. While we can be proud of what we have achieved I believe resting on our oars is a sure recipe for failure.
    ----
    * descansar en = rely on/upon, lean against.
    * descansar la mente = relieve + mind.
    * descansar sobre = lean on/upon, rest on/upon.
    * no descansar en + Posesivo + tumba = spin + in + Posesivo + grave.
    * sin descansar = without (a) rest, without a break.
    * * *
    1.
    verbo intransitivo
    1)
    a) (de actividad, trabajo) to rest, have a rest

    descansen! — (Mil) (stand) at ease!

    descansar de algo — to have a rest o break from something

    b) ( en la cama) to rest, have a rest

    buenas noches, que descanses — goodnight, sleep well

    c) ( yacer) to lie
    2) tierra to lie fallow
    3) ( apoyarse)

    descansar en or sobre algo — techo/bóveda to rest on o upon something; teoría to rest o hinge on something

    2.
    a)

    descansar la vista — to rest one's eyes, to give one's eyes a rest

    b) (Mil)
    * * *
    = break off, put + Posesivo + feet up, give + Reflexivo + a break, lie on + Posesivo + oars, rest on + Posesivo + oars.

    Ex: During this period the compositors worked non-stop, breaking off only to eat, for the almost incredible period of fifty hours: two days and two nights without rest 'in an atmosphere that would poison a vulture'.

    Ex: Don't you think, Juan, that when the reference librarian or somebody from the circulation desk comes down to the staff room after a tough morning, they should be able to put their feet up and enjoy a smoke?.
    Ex: The article is entitled ' Give yourself a break; don't give the hacker one. Security breaches'.
    Ex: But that is no reason for lying on our oars and refusing to see that our service is full of absurdities and mistakes.
    Ex: While we can be proud of what we have achieved I believe resting on our oars is a sure recipe for failure.
    * descansar en = rely on/upon, lean against.
    * descansar la mente = relieve + mind.
    * descansar sobre = lean on/upon, rest on/upon.
    * no descansar en + Posesivo + tumba = spin + in + Posesivo + grave.
    * sin descansar = without (a) rest, without a break.

    * * *
    descansar [A1 ]
    vi
    A
    1 (de una actividad, un trabajo) to rest, have a rest, have o take a break
    no puedo más, vamos a descansar un rato I'm exhausted! let's rest for a while o let's have a rest o let's take a break o ( colloq) breather
    trabajé toda la mañana sin descansar I worked all morning without a break
    se pararon a descansar they stopped for a rest
    no descansaré hasta que haya justicia en este país I shall not rest until there is justice in this country
    ¡descansen! ( Mil) stand at ease!, at ease!
    descansar DE algo to have a rest o break FROM sth
    necesita descansar de los niños she needs a break from the children
    2 (en la cama) to rest, have a rest
    dormí ocho horas pero no he descansado I slept eight hours but I don't feel rested o refreshed
    buenas noches, que descanses goodnight, sleep well
    3
    «muerto»: tu abuelo, que en paz descanse, … your grandfather, God rest his soul, …
    los dos descansan juntos en su pueblo natal they lie buried together in their birthplace
    aquí descansan los restos del poeta here lie the remains of the poet
    B «tierra» to lie fallow
    C (apoyarse) descansar EN or SOBRE algo «techo/bóveda» to rest ON o UPON sth; «teoría» to rest o hinge ON sth
    ■ descansar
    vt
    1
    descansar la vista to rest one's eyes, to give one's eyes a rest
    cambia de actividad para descansar la mente do something else to give your mind a break o rest
    2 ( Mil):
    ¡descansen armas! order arms!
    * * *

     

    descansar ( conjugate descansar) verbo intransitivo
    a) (de actividad, trabajo) to rest, have a rest;


    descansar de algo to have a rest o break from sth
    b) ( yacer) to lie;


    verbo transitivo

    descansar la mente to give one's mind a break o rest
    descansar verbo intransitivo
    1 to rest, have a rest
    (un momento) to take a break
    2 euf que en paz descanse, may he/she rest in peace o God rest his/her soul

    ' descansar' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    gravitar
    - sostenerse
    - apoyar
    - falta
    - mandar
    - reposar
    English:
    break
    - foot
    - relax
    - repose
    - rest
    - sit-down
    - unwind
    * * *
    ♦ vt
    1. [reposar] to rest, to lie;
    descansó la cabeza en mi hombro he laid o rested his head on my shoulder
    2. [relajar] to rest;
    dormir descansa la vista sleep gives your eyes o eyesight a rest;
    al final de la jornada doy un paseo para descansar la mente at the end of the day I go for a walk to take my mind off work
    3. Mil
    ¡descansen armas! order arms!
    ♦ vi
    1. [reposar] to rest;
    descansó un rato antes de seguir he rested for a while before continuing;
    después de tanto trabajo necesito descansar I need a rest after all that work;
    ¿paramos a o [m5] para descansar? how about stopping for a rest?;
    descansaremos en una hora we'll take a break in an hour;
    llevo cuatro horas trabajando sin descansar I've been working for four hours non-stop o without a break;
    descansar de algo [algo molesto] to have a rest o break from sth;
    necesitas descansar de tantas preocupaciones you need a break from all these worries;
    no descansar hasta conseguir algo not to rest until one has achieved sth
    2. [dormir] to sleep;
    ¿has conseguido descansar con este ruido? did you manage to sleep with that noise?;
    ¡que descanses! sleep well!
    3. [estar enterrado] to lie;
    sus restos descansan en el cementerio local she lies buried in the local cemetery;
    aquí descansan los caídos en la batalla here lie those fallen in the battle;
    que en paz descanse may he/she rest in peace
    4.
    descansar en o [m5] sobre algo [sujeto: viga, cúpula, tejado] to rest on sth, to be supported by sth;
    [sujeto: teoría, hipótesis, argumento] to rest on sth, to be based on sth
    5. [tierra de cultivo] to lie fallow
    6. Mil
    ¡descansen! at ease!
    * * *
    I v/i rest, have a rest;
    ¡que descanses! sleep well
    II v/t
    1 rest ( sobre on)
    2
    :
    ¡descansen armas! MIL order arms!
    * * *
    : to rest, to relax
    : to rest
    descansar la vista: to rest one's eyes
    * * *
    1. (en general) to rest
    2. (hacer una pausa) to have a break
    ¿por qué no descansas un rato? why don't you have a little break?
    3. (dormir) to sleep [pt. & pp. slept]
    ¡que descanses! sleep well!

    Spanish-English dictionary > descansar

  • 15 detenerse

    1 (pararse) to stop, halt
    2 (entretenerse) to hang about, linger
    * * *
    * * *
    VPR
    1) (=pararse) to stop

    ¡no te detengas! — don't hang about!

    2) (=demorarse) to waste time (en on)
    * * *
    (v.) = become + stagnant, break off, sit back, stall, pull up, run into + the sand(s), stop over
    Ex. Research in the social sciences has become increasingly stagnant and impoverished, largely because of the insistence on using objective, quantitative methods derived from the natural sciences.
    Ex. During this period the compositors worked non-stop, breaking off only to eat, for the almost incredible period of fifty hours: two days and two nights without rest 'in an atmosphere that would poison a vulture'.
    Ex. When carried out correctly, performance review provides an opportunity to sit back and assess the job.
    Ex. In other instances, however, the pay equity process has been stalled becasue of the reluctance on the part of some municipalities to include library workers in their pay equity plans.
    Ex. Trucks started pulling up every hour, day and night, to the library's loading dock and depositing heaps of unordered and unwanted books.
    Ex. The king must have then realised, if he had not already done so, that his efforts to secure an annulment from the pope had run into the sand.
    Ex. With luck the lapwings will now be able to stop over in Syria without coming to further harm.
    * * *
    (v.) = become + stagnant, break off, sit back, stall, pull up, run into + the sand(s), stop over

    Ex: Research in the social sciences has become increasingly stagnant and impoverished, largely because of the insistence on using objective, quantitative methods derived from the natural sciences.

    Ex: During this period the compositors worked non-stop, breaking off only to eat, for the almost incredible period of fifty hours: two days and two nights without rest 'in an atmosphere that would poison a vulture'.
    Ex: When carried out correctly, performance review provides an opportunity to sit back and assess the job.
    Ex: In other instances, however, the pay equity process has been stalled becasue of the reluctance on the part of some municipalities to include library workers in their pay equity plans.
    Ex: Trucks started pulling up every hour, day and night, to the library's loading dock and depositing heaps of unordered and unwanted books.
    Ex: The king must have then realised, if he had not already done so, that his efforts to secure an annulment from the pope had run into the sand.
    Ex: With luck the lapwings will now be able to stop over in Syria without coming to further harm.

    * * *

    ■detenerse verbo reflexivo to stop: ¡deténganse!, stop!
    ' detenerse' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    demorarse
    - estancarse
    - detener
    - parar
    English:
    draw up
    - pull over
    - pull up
    - stick
    - stop
    - cease
    - draw
    - grind
    - halt
    - pause
    - rest
    - slow
    * * *
    vpr
    1. [pararse] to stop;
    no te detengas, sigue don't stop, carry on;
    no se levanten hasta que el avión se haya detenido do not get up until the plane has come to a stop;
    detenerse en seco to stop dead;
    detenerse a hacer algo to stop to do sth;
    se detuvo un momento a pensar she stopped to think for a moment;
    se detuvo a hablar con una amiga y llegó tarde she stopped to talk to a friend and was late
    2. [demorarse] to hang about, to linger;
    no te detengas tanto con la presentación y ve al grano don't spend so much time on the presentation and get to the point
    * * *
    v/r stop
    * * *
    vr
    1) : to stop
    2) : to delay, to linger
    * * *
    detenerse vb to stop [pt. & pp. stopped]

    Spanish-English dictionary > detenerse

  • 16 intoxicar

    v.
    to poison.
    * * *
    Conjugation model [ SACAR], like link=sacar sacar
    1 to poison
    1 to poison oneself
    * * *
    1. VT
    1) (Med) to poison
    2) (Pol) to indoctrinate
    2.
    See:
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo to poison
    2.
    intoxicarse v pron to get food poisoning
    * * *
    = poison.
    Ex. During this period the compositors worked non-stop, breaking off only to eat, for the almost incredible period of fifty hours: two days and two nights without rest 'in an atmosphere that would poison a vulture'.
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo to poison
    2.
    intoxicarse v pron to get food poisoning
    * * *

    Ex: During this period the compositors worked non-stop, breaking off only to eat, for the almost incredible period of fifty hours: two days and two nights without rest 'in an atmosphere that would poison a vulture'.

    * * *
    intoxicar [A2 ]
    vt
    to poison
    to get food poisoning
    * * *

    intoxicar ( conjugate intoxicar) verbo transitivo
    to poison
    intoxicarse verbo pronominal
    to get food poisoning
    intoxicar verbo transitivo to poison
    ' intoxicar' also found in these entries:
    English:
    poison
    * * *
    ♦ vt
    1. [médicamente] to poison
    2. [manipular]
    nos intoxican con tanta publicidad we are being manipulated by all this advertising;
    intoxican a la opinión pública con sus informes their reports manipulate public opinion
    * * *
    v/t poison
    * * *
    intoxicar {72} vt
    : to poison

    Spanish-English dictionary > intoxicar

  • 17 Rosenhain, Walter

    SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy
    [br]
    b. 24 August 1875 Berlin, Germany
    d. 17 March 1934 Kingston Hill, Surrey, England
    [br]
    German metallurgist, first Superintendent of the Department of Metallurgy and Metallurgical Chemistry at the National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex.
    [br]
    His family emigrated to Australia when he was 5 years old. He was educated at Wesley College, Melbourne, and attended Queen's College, University of Melbourne, graduating in physics and engineering in 1897. As an 1851 Exhibitioner he then spent three years at St John's College, Cambridge, under Sir Alfred Ewing, where he studied the microstructure of deformed metal crystals and abandoned his original intention of becoming a civil engineer. Rosenhain was the first to observe the slip-bands in metal crystals, and in the Bakerian Lecture delivered jointly by Ewing and Rosenhain to the Royal Society in 1899 it was shown that metals deformed plastically by a mechanism involving shear slip along individual crystal planes. From this conception modern ideas on the plasticity and recrystallization of metals rapidly developed. On leaving Cambridge, Rosenhain joined the Birmingham firm of Chance Brothers, where he worked for six years on optical glass and lighthouse-lens systems. A book, Glass Manufacture, written in 1908, derives from this period, during which he continued his metallurgical researches in the evenings in his home laboratory and published several papers on his work.
    In 1906 Rosenhain was appointed Head of the Metallurgical Department of the National Physical Laboratory (NPL), and in 1908 he became the first Superintendent of the new Department of Metallurgy and Metallurgical Chemistry. Many of the techniques he introduced at Teddington were described in his Introduction to Physical Metallurgy, published in 1914. At the outbreak of the First World War, Rosenhain was asked to undertake work in his department on the manufacture of optical glass. This soon made it possible to manufacture optical glass of high quality on an industrial scale in Britain. Much valuable work on refractory materials stemmed from this venture. Rosenhain's early years at the NPL were, however, inseparably linked with his work on light alloys, which between 1912 and the end of the war involved virtually all of the metallurgical staff of the laboratory. The most important end product was the well-known "Y" Alloy (4% copper, 2% nickel and 1.5% magnesium) extensively used for the pistons and cylinder heads of aircraft engines. It was the prototype of the RR series of alloys jointly developed by Rolls Royce and High Duty Alloys. An improved zinc-based die-casting alloy devised by Rosenhain was also used during the war on a large scale for the production of shell fuses.
    After the First World War, much attention was devoted to beryllium, which because of its strength, lightness, and stiffness would, it was hoped, become the airframe material of the future. It remained, however, too brittle for practical use. Other investigations dealt with impurities in copper, gases in aluminium alloys, dental alloys, and the constitution of alloys. During this period, Rosenhain's laboratory became internationally known as a centre of excellence for the determination of accurate equilibrium diagrams.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    FRS 1913. President, Institute of Metals 1828–30. Iron and Steel Institute Bessemer Medal, Carnegie Medal.
    Bibliography
    1908, Glass Manufacture.
    1914, An Introduction to the Study of Physical Metallurgy, London: Constable. Rosenhain published over 100 research papers.
    Further Reading
    J.L.Haughton, 1934, "The work of Walter Rosenhain", Journal of the Institute of Metals 55(2):17–32.
    ASD

    Biographical history of technology > Rosenhain, Walter

  • 18 Bomtempo, João Domingos

    (1775-1842)
       Portuguese composer who began his musical studies under his father, Francisco Saveiro Bomtempo, the oboist in the royal court of King José I (1750-77). At the age of 14, he became a singer in the Royal Chapel of Bemposta and, after his father's death, took his place as court oboist at age 20. In 1801, he decided to go to France to continue his musical studies instead of Italy, which was the custom in his day. In Paris, he associated with a group of exiled Portuguese liberals from whom he absorbed liberal ideas and became a committed constitutional monarchist. During his time in Paris, he began his career as a virtuoso pianist and, inspired by Clementi, Cramer, and Dussek, wrote his first compositions: the Grande Sonata para Piano, Primeiro Concerto em Mi bemol para Piano e Orquestra, and the Secundo Concerto para Piano.
       After Napoleon's armies were defeated by a combined Portuguese-British army commanded by General Arthur Wellesley (later the Duke of Wellington), Bomtempo's prospects in France deteriorated and he left for London in 1810, where he was well received and became a well-regarded professor of piano. During this period, he published many compositions, such as the Terceiro Concerto para Piano, and Capricho e Variações Sobre " GodSave the King." Bom-tempo became active in the Masons at this time. In 1813, to celebrate the final defeat of the French, Bomtempo composed a cantata titled Hino Lusitano, with verses by the liberal poet Vicente Pedro Nolasco da Cunha. He also composed the Primeira Grande Sinfonia and the Quarto Concerto para Piano during this period.
       In 1815, Bomtempo returned to Portugal, where he founded a philharmonic society in order to fill a serious lacuna in the musical culture of Portugal. With the return of the royal court from Brazil and the increasing repression of Portuguese Masons, the situation in Lisbon became untenable for liberals. Bomtempo, who favored a constitutional monarch, returned to London, where he dedicated his work to the "Portuguese nation." He returned to Portugal in 1818, where he composed his best-known work: O Requiem: A Memória de Camões. In 1820, he composed a second requiem in memory of General Gomes Freire, the grand master of Portuguese masonry, who was hanged in 1817. In 1822, his philharmonic society began periodic concerts, but these were forbidden by the absolutist King Miguel I (1802-66) in 1828, and Bomtempo took refuge in the Russian consulate in Lisbon, where he lived for five years until a constitutional monarchy was established by King Pedro IV (1798-1834) in 1834.
       With the establishment of constitutionalism, Bomtempo returned to his artistic activities. In 1835, he composed the Segunda Sinfonia e um Libera Me, dedicated to the memory of King Pedro IV who, exhausted from his struggle against his brother during the " War of the Brothers," died soon after returning to the throne. In 1836, Bon-tempo was made music director of the Court Orchestra and professor of piano in the royal music school, where he introduced the musical pedagogy of Clementi. He continued to compose and direct until his death on 18 August 1842.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Bomtempo, João Domingos

  • 19 Foreign policy

       The guiding principle of Portuguese foreign policy since the founding of the monarchy in the 12th century has been the maintenance of Portugal's status first as an independent kingdom and, later, as a sovereign nation-state. For the first 800 years of its existence, Portuguese foreign policy and diplomacy sought to maintain the independence of the Portuguese monarchy, especially in relationship to the larger and more powerful Spanish monarchy. During this period, the Anglo- Portuguese Alliance, which began with a treaty of commerce and friendship signed between the kings of Portugal and England in 1386 (the Treaty of Windsor) and continued with the Methuen Treaty in 1703, sought to use England ( Great Britain after 1707) as a counterweight to its landward neighbor, Spain.
       As three invasions of Portugal by Napoleon's armies during the first decade of the 19th century proved, however, Spain was not the only threat to Portugal's independence and security. Portugal's ally, Britain, provided a counterweight also to a threatening France on more than one occasion between 1790 and 1830. During the 19th century, Portugal's foreign policy became largely subordinate to that of her oldest ally, Britain, and standard Portuguese histories describe Portugal's situation as that of a "protectorate" of Britain. In two key aspects during this time of international weakness and internal turmoil, Portugal's foreign policy was under great pressure from her ally, world power Britain: responses to European conflicts and to the situation of Portugal's scattered, largely impoverished overseas empire. Portugal's efforts to retain massive, resource-rich Brazil in her empire failed by 1822, when Brazil declared its independence. Britain's policy of favoring greater trade and commerce opportunities in an autonomous Brazil was at odds with Portugal's desperate efforts to hold Brazil.
       Following the loss of Brazil and a renewed interest in empire in tropical Africa, Portugal sought to regain a more independent initiative in her foreign policy and, especially after 1875, overseas imperial questions dominated foreign policy concerns. From this juncture, through the first Republic (1910-26) and during the Estado Novo, a primary purpose of Portuguese foreign policy was to maintain Portuguese India, Macau, and its colonies in Africa: Angola, Mozambique, and Guinea- Bissau. Under the direction of the dictator, Antônio de Oliveira Salazar, further efforts were made to reclaim a measure of independence of foreign policy, despite the tradition of British dominance. Salazar recognized the importance of an Atlantic orientation of the country's foreign policy. As Herbert Pell, U.S. Ambassador to Portugal (1937-41), observed in a June 1939 report to the U.S. Department of State, Portugal's leaders understood that Portugal must side with "that nation which dominates the Atlantic."
       During the 1930s, greater efforts were made in Lisbon in economic, financial, and foreign policy initiatives to assert a greater measure of flexibility in her dependence on ally Britain. German economic interests made inroads in an economy whose infrastructure in transportation, communication, and commerce had long been dominated by British commerce and investors. Portugal's foreign policy during World War II was challenged as both Allied and Axis powers tested the viability of Portugal's official policy of neutrality, qualified by a customary bow to the Anglo-Portuguese Alliance. Antônio de Oliveira Salazar, who served as minister of foreign affairs, as well as prime minister, during 1936-45, sought to sell his version of neutrality to both sides in the war and to do so in a way that would benefit Portugal's still weak economy and finance. Portugal's status as a neutral was keenly tested in several cases, including Portugal's agreeing to lease military bases to Britain and the United States in the Azores Islands and in the wolfram (tungsten ore) question. Portugal's foreign policy experienced severe pressures from the Allies in both cases, and Salazar made it clear to his British and American counterparts that Portugal sought to claim the right to make independent choices in policy, despite Portugal's military and economic weakness. In tense diplomatic negotiations with the Allies over Portugal's wolfram exports to Germany as of 1944, Salazar grew disheartened and briefly considered resigning over the wolfram question. Foreign policy pressure on this question diminished quickly on 6 June 1944, as Salazar decreed that wolfram mining, sales, and exports to both sides would cease for the remainder of the war. After the United States joined the Allies in the war and pursued an Atlantic strategy, Portugal discovered that her relationship with the dominant ally in the emerging United Nations was changing and that the U.S. would replace Britain as the key Atlantic ally during succeeding decades. Beginning in 1943-44, and continuing to 1949, when Portugal became, with the United States, a founding member of North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), Luso-American relations assumed center stage in her foreign policy.
       During the Cold War, Portuguese foreign policy was aligned with that of the United States and its allies in Western Europe. After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, the focus of Portuguese foreign policy shifted away from defending and maintaining the African colonies toward integration with Europe. Since Portugal became a member of the European Economic Community in 1986, and this evolved into the European Union (EU), all Portuguese governments have sought to align Portugal's foreign policy with that of the EU in general and to be more independent of the United States. Since 1986, Portugal's bilateral commercial and diplomatic relations with Britain, France, and Spain have strengthened, especially those with Spain, which are more open and mutually beneficial than at any other time in history.
       Within the EU, Portugal has sought to play a role in the promotion of democracy and human rights, while maintaining its security ties to NATO. Currently, a Portuguese politician, José Manuel Durão Barroso, is president of the Commission of the EU, and Portugal has held the six-month rotating presidency of the EU three times, in 1992, 2000, and 2007.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Foreign policy

  • 20 buitre

    adj.
    greedy (informal).
    m.
    vulture.
    * * *
    1 (ave y persona) vulture
    * * *
    1.
    SM (Orn) vulture
    2.
    SMF * (=persona gorrona) scrounger *
    * * *
    masculino (Zool) vulture; ( persona avariciosa) vulture
    * * *
    = vulture, buzzard.
    Ex. During this period the compositors worked non-stop, breaking off only to eat, for the almost incredible period of fifty hours: two days and two nights without rest 'in an atmosphere that would poison a vulture'.
    Ex. Animals profiled include buzzards, moths, leeches, jellyfish, snakes, slugs, and toads.
    ----
    * buitre cultural = culture vulture.
    * * *
    masculino (Zool) vulture; ( persona avariciosa) vulture
    * * *
    = vulture, buzzard.

    Ex: During this period the compositors worked non-stop, breaking off only to eat, for the almost incredible period of fifty hours: two days and two nights without rest 'in an atmosphere that would poison a vulture'.

    Ex: Animals profiled include buzzards, moths, leeches, jellyfish, snakes, slugs, and toads.
    * buitre cultural = culture vulture.

    * * *
    1 ( Zool) vulture
    * * *

    buitre sustantivo masculino
    vulture
    buitre sustantivo masculino
    1 Zool vulture
    2 fig pey (persona aprovechada y egoísta) vulture
    ' buitre' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    garra
    English:
    vulture
    * * *
    ♦ adj
    Fam
    es muy buitre [con la comida] he's a greedy pig;
    [con los amigos, padres] he's a real scrounger; [con las chicas] he's a real lech
    ♦ nm
    1. [ave] vulture
    buitre leonado griffon vulture;
    buitre monje black vulture
    2. [persona] [con la comida] greedy pig;
    [con los amigos, padres] scrounger; [con las chicas] lech
    * * *
    m ZO vulture
    * * *
    buitre nm
    : vulture
    * * *
    buitre n vulture

    Spanish-English dictionary > buitre

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